Emprendimiento rural: una aproximación histórica
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Este trabajo muestra la evolución histórica del papel del emprendedor rural, los roles asumidos según los cambios de contexto en el tiempo y nuevas conceptualizaciones entorno al emprendimiento rural que ya no debe ser visto solo como vinculado a la función agrícola, sino al territorio, lo que da espacio para que se establezcan otros tipos de empresas no agrícolas en la ruralidad y sean considerados como emprendimiento rural. Esta labor se realizó gracias a una exploración en profundidad y posterior recopilación de bibliografía de bases de datos en el periodo comprendido entre 1756 a
2018, definiendo una ecuación de búsqueda que permitió encontrar 5220 documentos y después de una refinación y la utilización del gestor bibliográfico Mendeley®, quedó un total de 443 documentos, que fueron procesados, leídos y categorizados en una matriz bibliográfica. Como resultado se observa una evolución conceptual del papel del emprendedor que se caracteriza por tener varios roles y descripciones, así como del emprendimiento rural, el cual es visto como la creación de una empresa en un entorno rural y donde ya no depende solo de la función agrícola, lo que abre paso para que se desarrollen otro tipo de negocios no agrícolas en el territorio, trayendo consigo un nuevo enfoque por explorar en la literatura sobre emprendimiento.
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Autoría: La lista de autores firmantes debe incluir únicamente a aquellas personas que hayan contribuido intelectualmente al desarrollo del trabajo. La colaboración en la recogida de datos no es, por sí misma, criterio suficiente de autoría. "Retos" declina toda responsabilidad por posibles conflictos derivados de la autoría de los trabajos que se publiquen.
Derechos de autor: La Universidad Politécnica Salesiana preserva los derechos de autor de los artículos publicados, y favorece y permite su reutilización bajo la licencia Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Ecuador. Pueden ser copiados, utilizados, difundidos, transmitidos y expuestos públicamente, siempre y cuando: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL del trabajo); (Ii) no se utilicen con fines comerciales; Iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia.
Referencias
Acs, Z. (2006). How Is Entrepreneurship Good for Economic Growth? Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 1(1), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1162/itgg.2006.1.1.97
Adriaanse, L., y Rensleigh, C. (2013). Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. The Electronic Library, 31(6), 727–744. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-12-2011-0174
Akgün, A. A., Baycan-Levent, T., Nijkamp, P., y Poot, J. (2011). Roles of Local and Newcomer Entrepreneurs in Rural Development: A Comparative Meta-analytic Study. Regional Studies, 45(9), 1207–1223. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343401003792500
Akgün, A., Baycan, T., y Nijkamp, P. (2013). The engine of sustainable rural development: Embeddedness of entrepreneurs in rural Turkey. Gazi University Journal of Science, 26(1), 119–127.
Akgun, A., Nijkamp, P., Baycan, T., Brons, M., Akgün, A. A., Nijkamp, P., Baycan, T., y Brons, M. (2010). Embeddedness of entrepreneurs in rural areas: A comparative rough set data analysis. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 101(5), 538–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2010.00630.x
Alsos, G. A., Ljunggren, E., y Toril, L. (2003). Farm?based entrepreneurs: what triggers the start?up of new business activities? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 10(4), 435–443. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000310504747
Anderson, A. (2000). The Protean entrepreneur: the entepreneurial process as fitting self and circumstance. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 8(3), 201–234.
Anderson, A. R., y Lent, M. D. (2017). Enterprising the rural; Creating a social value chain. Journal of Rural Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.08.020
Andersson, K., Eklund, E., y Lehtola, M. (2009). Farmers, Businessmen or Green Entrepreneurs? Producers of New Rural Goods and Services in Rural Areas Under Urban Pressure. Journal of Environmental Policy y Planning, 11(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/15239080902774960
Anthopoulou, T., Kaberis, N., y Petrou, M. (2017). Aspects and experiences of crisis in rural Greece. Narratives of rural resilience. Journal of Rural Studies, 52, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.03.006
Aparicio, A. (2013a). Historia económica mundial siglos xvii-xix: revoluciones burguesas y procesos de industrialización. Economía Informa, 378, 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0185-0849(13)71309-4
Aparicio, A. (2013b). Historia económica mundial 1870-1950. Economía Informa, 382, 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0185-0849(13)71337-9
Aranda, Y., Parrado, A., y Pachon, F. (2009). Núcleos de emprendedores rurales. Una propuesta para el desarrollo rural con enfoque territorial (Issue October). Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Arias, F. (2014). Agromarketing: una mirada al mercadeo en el sector agropecuario. Editorial Lasallista.
Arias, F., y Ribes, G. (2019). Evolución del papel del emprendedor rural?: del agricultor subordinado del siglo XVIII al empresario rural actual. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 24(88), 1005–1028.
Arias Vargas, F. J. (2021). Actividad emprendedora de los millennials en Antioquia (Colombia) [Universitat Politècnica de València]. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/164046
Arias Vargas, F. J., y Rendón Sierra, S. (2015). Decentralized models of agricultural marketing as a strategy for social inclusion in Colombia: the case Exofruit SAS. Scientia Agropecuaria, 6(3), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2015.03.06
Arrighetti, A., Caricati, L., Landini, F., y Monacelli, N. (2016). Entrepreneurial intention in the time of crisis: a field study. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior y Research, 22(6), 835–859. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2015-0326
Austin, E. J., Deary, I. J., Gibson, G. J., McGregor, M. J., y Dent, J. B. (1996). Attitudes and Values of Scottish Farmers: “Yeoman” and “Entrepreneur” as Factors, Not Distinct Types1. Rural Sociology, 61(3), 464–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1996.tb00629.x
Batool, H., y Ullah, K. (2018). Pakistani women entrepreneurs and ICT intervention. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 21(1), 1–15.
Baylina, M., y Gunnerud Berg, N. (2010). Selling the countryside: Representations of rurality in Norway and Spain. European Urban and Regional Studies, 17(3), 277–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776409356215
Beldman, A. C. G., Lakner, D., y Smit, A. B. (2014). Changing conditions require a higher level of entrepreneurship by farmers: Use of an interactive strategic management tool. EAAP Scientific Series, 135(1), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-785-1_9
Benveuti, B. (1975). General systems theory and entrepreneureal autonomy in farming: towards a new feudalism or towards democratic planning? Sociologia Ruralis, 15(1–2), 46–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1975.tb00162.x
Bergin, J. (2002). El siglo XVII: Europa, 1598-1715. Editorial Crítica S.L. https://bit.ly/2JhWSur
Bernard, L. L. (1917). A Theory of Rural Attitudes. American Journal of Sociology, 22(5), 630–649. https://doi.org/10.1086/212667
Bijaoui, I., y Regev, D. (2015). Entrepreneurship and viral development in rural Western Negev in Israel. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 17(1), 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRME-09-2014-0023
Borrero Fernández, M. de las M. (2007). El mundo rural y la crisis del siglo XIV: un tema historiográfico en proceso de revisión. Edad Media: Revista de Historia, 8(8), 37–58.
Bosch, P. M., y Gómez, A. d. V. (2010). Older people as actors in the rural community, innovation and empowerment | Las personas mayores como actores en la comunidad rural: innovación y empowerment. Athenea Digital, 19.
Bosworth, G., y Atterton, J. (2012). Entrepreneurial In-migration and Neoendogenous Rural Development. Rural Sociology, 77(2), 254–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2012.00079.x
Boutruche, R., y Pontieri, M. B. (1995). Sen?ori?o y feudalismo. Siglo Veintiuno. https://bit.ly/2HeRiIz
Brünjes, J., y Diez, J. R. (2013). ‘Recession push’ and ‘prosperity pull’ entrepreneurship in a rural developing context. Entrepreneurship y Regional Development, 25(3–4), 251–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2012.710267
Bryant, C. R. (1989). Entrepreneurs in the rural environment. Journal of Rural Studies, 5(4), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(89)90060-0
Burnett, K. A., y Danson, M. (2017). Enterprise and entrepreneurship on islands and remote rural environments. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 18(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465750316686237
Butterfield, K. L. (1905). The Social Problems of American Farmers. American Journal of Sociology, 10(5), 606–622. https://doi.org/10.1086/211337
Cabrera, E. M., y Mauricio, D. (2017). Factors affecting the success of women’s entrepreneurship: a review of literature. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 31–65. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-01-2016-0001
Cabus, P. (2010). Who is the rural entrepreneur? Acta Geographica Lovaniensia, 38, 69–86. https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/292363
Calatrava, J. (1996). Estudios sobre la Revolución francesa y el final del Antiguo Régimen (2nd ed.). Akal Ediciones. https://bit.ly/2HKIXQA
Cantillon, R. (1756). Essai sur la Nature du Commerce. Chez Fletcher Gyles. https://bit.ly/2vtGUeQ
Carter, S. (1998). Portfolio entrepreneurship in the farm sector: indigenous growth in rural areas? Entrepreneurship y Regional Development, 10(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629800000002
Carver, T. N. (1911). Principles of Rural Economics. Ginn and Company.
Casson, M. (2010a). Entrepreneurship: Theory, institutions and history. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 58(2), 139–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2010.482288
Casson, M. (2010b). A history of entrepreneurship - By Robert F. Hébert and Albert N. Link. The Economic History Review, 63(4), 1205–1206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2010.00551_33.x
Casson, M., y Casson, C. (2014). The history of entrepreneurship: Medieval origins of a modern phenomenon. Business History, 56(8), 1223–1242. https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2013.867330
Cervera Ferri, P. (2008). Lecciones de Economía civil, o de el Comercio. Estudio introductorio y edición anotada de Pablo Cervera Ferri. Institución «Fernando el Católico».
Chaudhuri, K. K. (1976). The social background of rural trader entrepreneurs: A pilot study. South African Journal of Sociology, 14, 78–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02580144.1976.10426525
Chaves, R. Q., Magalhães, A. M., Benedetti, O. I. S., Blos, A. L. F., y da Silva, T. N. (2010). Decision making and rural entrepreneurship: A case of sheep-farm for milk | Tomada de decisão e empreendedorismo rural: Um caso da exploração comercial de ovinos de leite. Revista Brasileira de Gestao e Desenvolvimento Regional, 6(3).
Chen, M., y Yang, Y. (2009). Typology and performance of new ventures in Taiwan. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior y Research, 15(5), 398–414. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550910982997
Codina, L. (2017). Investigación con bases de datos. Estructura y funciones de las bases de datos académicas. Análisis de componentes y estudio de caso. Universidad Pompeau Fabra. https://bit.ly/2FAE4nS
Corbetta, P., Fraile, C., y Fraile, M. (2007). Metodologi?a y te?cnicas de investigacio?n social. McGraw-Hill.
Coscia, C., y Russo, V. (2018). The Valorization of Economic Assets and Social Capacities of the Historic Farmhouse System in Peri-Urban Allocation: A Sample of Application of the Corporate Social Responsible (CSR) Approach (pp. 615–634). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75774-2_42
Coulibaly, S. K., Erbao, C., y Metuge Mekongcho, T. (2018). Economic globalization, entrepreneurship, and development. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 127(September 2017), 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.09.028
Danvila, B. J. (1779). Lecciones de Economía civil, o de el Comercio, escritas para el uso de los caballeros del Real Seminario de Nobles. Joaquín Ibarra. https://bit.ly/2HEJAek
De Jong, G., y Fawcett, J. (1981). Motivations for migration: an assessment and a value-expectancy research model. Pergamon. https://bit.ly/2Kuwj6P
Deakins, D., Bensemann, J., y Battisti, M. (2016). Entrepreneurial skill and regulation. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior y Research, 22(2), 234–259. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2014-0240
Del Pozo, G. M., y Lasanta, M. T. (1992). La especialización agrícola en la gestión actual del espacio. el ejemplo de la comarca de Santo Domingo (La Rioja). In Berceo (pp. 107–116).
Dos Santos, F. T. (2007). The entrepreneur rural region: Competitiveness, sustainability and innovation. In X. Jie (Ed.), Entrepreneurial Strategy Innovation and Sustainable Development (pp. 344–356). SICHUAN UNIV PRESS.
Driga, O., Lafuente, E., y Vaillant, Y. (2009). Reasons for the Relatively Lower Entrepreneurial Activity Levels of Rural Women in Spain. Sociologia Ruralis, 49(1), 70–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2008.00475.x
Dzomonda, O., y Masocha, R. (2017). Perception of Entrepreneurship as a Sustainable Career Option by Women in Rural Areas. The 2nd Annual International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives 26 - 28 July 2017, Tlotlo Hotel, Gaborone, Botswan, July, 46–52.
Eikeland, S., y Lie, I. (1999). Pluriactivity in rural Norway. Journal of Rural Studies, 15(4), 405–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00010-8
El Ebrashi, R. (2013). Social entrepreneurship theory and sustainable social impact. Social Responsibility Journal, 9(2), 188–209. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-07-2011-0013
Falagas, M. E., Pitsouni, E. I., Malietzis, G. A., y Pappas, G. (2008). Comparison of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar: strengths and weaknesses. The FASEB Journal, 22(2), 338–342. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.07-9492LSF
Farley, M. S. (1937). Japan’s Unsolved Tenancy Problem. Far Eastern Survey, 6(14), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.2307/3022167
Ferguson, R., y Hansson, H. (2015). Measuring Embeddedness and Its Effect on New Venture Creation-A Study of Farm Diversification. Managerial and Decision Economics, 36(5), 314–325. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.2671
Figueroa Armijos, M., y Johnson, T. G. (2013). ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL AMERICA ACROSS TYPOLOGIES, GENDER AND MOTIVATION. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 18(02), 1350014. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946713500143
Finke, H. B., y Bosworth, G. (2016). Exploring the character of rural businesses: Performing change and continuity. Local Economy, 31(5), 619–636. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094216655407
Flynn, M., Schröder, H., Higo, M., y Yamada, A. (2014). Government as institutional entrepreneur: Extending working life in the UK and Japan. Journal of Social Policy, 43(3), 535–553. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279414000075
Fortunato, Michael William Patrick, y Alter, T. R. (2016). Culture and entrepreneurial opportunity in high- and low-entrepreneurship rural communities. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 10(4), 447–476. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-04-2015-0026
Fortunato, Michalel Willliam Patrick. (2014). Supporting rural entrepreneurship: a review of conceptual developments from research to practice. Community Development, 45(4), 387–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2014.935795
Foster, G. W. (1953). Farm Organization and Management. Prentice Hall.
Frankel, J. P. (1968). Mobilizing Rural Resources for Industrial Development. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 10(6), 593–598. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872086801000609
Frederick, M., y Long, C. A. (1989). Entrepreneurship Theories and Their Use in Rural Development. Economic Research Service.
Freire-Gibb, L. C., y Nielsen, K. (2014). Entrepreneurship Within Urban and Rural Areas: Creative People and Social Networks. Regional Studies, 48(1), 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.808322
Galloway, L., y Mochrie, R. (2006). Entrepreneurial motivation, orientation and realization in rural economies: A study of rural Scotland. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 7(3), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000006778026617
Galpin, C. J. (1918). Rural Life. The Century Co.
García Cotarelo, R. (1979). El moderno sistema mundial. La agricultura capitalista y los orígenes de la econmía-mundo europea en el siglo XVII. Revista de Estudios Políticos, 12, 219–222.
GEM. (2017). Gem-2017-2018-Global-Report-Revised-1523004747 (H. Cheyre (ed.)). Gem Consortion.
Georgiana-Raluca, L., Costin, C. A., y Cristian, P. D. (2013). Entrepreneurship Growth as a Factor for Rural Areas Development. Entrepreneurship Vision 2020: Innovation, Development Sustainability, and Economic Growth, Vols 1 and 2, 1163–1167.
Gilliam, J., States, U., Mehta, K., y States, U. (2018). A Taxonomy of Failure Modes of Agricultural Technology Ventures in Developing Countries?: Part 2. Journal of Humanitarian Engineering, 2, 3–14.
Gladwin, C. H., Long, B. F., Babb, E. M., Beaulieu, L. J., Moseley, A., Mulkey, D., y Zimet, D. J. (1989). Rural Entrepreneurship: One Key to Rural Revitalization. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 71(5), 1305–1314. https://doi.org/10.2307/1243127
Goetz, S. J. J., Partridge, M., Deller, S. C. C., y Fleming, D. A. A. (2010). Evaluating U.S. rural entrepreneurship policy. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, 40(1).
Gomez, M., Galeano, C., y Jaramillo, D. A. (2015). El estado del arte: una metodología de investigación. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales, 6(2), 423–442. https://doi.org/10.21501/22161201.1469
González, C. G., Perpinyà, A. B., Tulla I Pujol, A. F., Martín, A. V., y Belmonte, N. V. (2014). Social farming in Catalonia (Spain): Social innovation and agroecological dynamization as employment for exclusion | La agricultura social en Catalunya: Innovación social y dinamización agroecológica para la ocupación de personas en riesgo de exclusión. Ager, 17. https://doi.org/10.4422/ager.2014.04
Gorbuntsova, T., Dobson, S., y Palmer, N. (2018). Rural entrepreneurial space and identity. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 146575031772322. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465750317723220
Gray, C. (2002). Entrepreneurship, resistance to change and growth in small firms. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 9(1), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000210419491
Gretzinger, S., Fietze, S., Brem, A., y Ogbonna, T. (Toby) U. (2018). Small scale entrepreneurship – understanding behaviors of aspiring entrepreneurs in a rural area. Competitiveness Review, 28(1), 22–42. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-05-2017-0034
Gülümser, A. A., Baycan-Levent, T., y Nijkamp, P. (2010). Measuring Regional Creative Capacity: A Literature Review for Rural-Specific Approaches. European Planning Studies, 18(4), 545–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654311003593614
Guštin, Š., Slavi?, I. P., y Poto?nik Slavi?, I. (2015). Prepoznavanje in prostorska razmestitev konfliktov na podeželju // Identification and spatial distribution of conflicts in rural areas. Geografski Vestnik, 87(1), 81–101. https://doi.org/10.3986/GV87105
Haga, K. (2017). Innovation in Rural Japan: Entrepreneurs and Residents Meeting the Challenges of Aging and Shrinking Agricultural Communities. Journal of Innovation Economics y Management.
Hansson, H., y Kokko, S. (2018). Farmers’ mental models of change and implications for farm renewal – A case of restoration of a wetland in Sweden. Journal of Rural Studies, 60, 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.04.006
Harkness, D. A. E. (1928). Agriculture and the Price Level. The Economic Journal, 38(149), 56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2224396
Harpa, E., y Moica, S. (2014). THE ROLE OF INNOVATION IN SHAPING THE IDENTITY OF THE ENTREPRENEUR IN A RURAL CONTEXT. In I. Boldea (Ed.), GLOBALIZATION AND INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE: MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES - ECONOMY AND MANAGEMENT (pp. 832–846). ARHIPELAG XXI PRESS.
Harris, M. (1969). Shifts in Entrepreneurial Functions in Agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51(3), 517. https://doi.org/10.2307/1237906
Haugen, M. S., y Jostein, V. (2008). Farmers as entrepreneurs: the case of farm-based tourism. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 6(3), 321. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2008.019130
Hedlund, M., Carson, D. A., Eimermann, M., y Lundmark, L. (2017). Repopulating and revitalising rural Sweden? Re-examining immigration as a solution to rural decline. The Geographical Journal, 183(4), 400–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12227
Hernández-Maestro, R. M., y González-Benito, Ó. (2014). Rural Lodging Establishments as Drivers of Rural Development. Journal of Travel Research, 53(1), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513481273
Herslund, L., y Sørensen, M. B. (2004). From employed to self-employed: An analysis of entrepreneurship in rural Latvia. Journal of Baltic Studies, 35(2), 126–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629770400000021
Hibbard, B. H. (1922). The Intensity of Cultivation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 36(4), 646. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884755
Hirano, M. (2016). Role of an entrepreneur for innovating regional agriculture: through a case of a Japanese ice cream firm. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 29(2), 322. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2016.078717
Hisano, S., Akitsu, M., y McGreevy, S. R. (2018). Revitalising rurality under the neoliberal transformation of agriculture: Experiences of re-agrarianisation in Japan. Journal of Rural Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.01.013
Hjalager, A.-M. (2017). Rural–urban business partnerships—Towards a new trans-territorial logic. Local Economy, 32(1), 34–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094216686528
Hjalager, A.-M., y Kwiatkowski, G. (2017). Entrepreneurial implications, prospects and dilemmas in rural festivals. Journal of Rural Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.02.019
Hollander, J. H. (1894). Professor J. B. Clark’s Use of the Terms “Rent” and “Profits.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 5, 93–95. https://doi.org/10.2307/1008728
Hoy, F. (1987). Who are rural entrepreneurs. In B. W. H. and J. N. Reid (Ed.), National Rural Entrepreneurship Sym- posium (pp. 7–10).
Huggins, R., y Thompson, P. (2015). Entrepreneurship, innovation and regional growth: a network theory. Small Business Economics, 45(1), 103–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9643-3
Hustedde, R. J. (2018). Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in Rural America. In Disability and Vocational Rehabilitation in Rural Settings (pp. 3–16). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64786-9_1
Ise, J. (1920). What is Rural Economics. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 34(2), 300. https://doi.org/10.2307/1882365
Isiorhovojaq, R. A. (2013). Socioeconomic factors as predictors of entrepreneurial behaviour in poultry farm. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 511–517. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n1p511
Jianyong, J. (2017). Social Networks , Social Skills and Peasant Entrepreneurs ’ Performance. Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech, 28(February), 1223–1229.
Kalantaridis, C., y Bika, Z. (2006). In-migrant entrepreneurship in rural England: beyond local embeddedness. Entrepreneurship y Regional Development, 18(2), 109–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620500510174
Kalantaridis, C., y Bika, Z. (2011). Entrepreneurial Origin and the Configuration of Innovation in Rural Areas: The Case of Cumbria, North West England. Environment and Planning A, 43(4), 866–884. https://doi.org/10.1068/a43341
Kalantaridis, C., y Labrianidis, L. (2004). Rural Entrepreneurs in Russia and the Ukraine: Origins, Motivations, and Institutional Change. Journal of Economic Issues, 38(3), 659–681. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2004.11506724
Kanbur, S. M. (1980). A Note on Risk Taking, Entrepreneurship, and Schumpeter. History of Political Economy, 12(4), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-12-4-489
Kasabov, E. (2016). When an initiative promises more than it delivers: a multi-actor perspective of rural entrepreneurship difficulties and failure in Thailand. Entrepreneurship y Regional Development, 28(9–10), 681–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1234650
Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty and profit. Riverside Press.
Kodithuwakku, S. S., y Rosa, P. (2002). The entrepreneurial process and economic success in a constrained environment. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(5), 431–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00074-X
Korsgaard, S., Ferguson, R., y Gaddefors, J. (2015). The best of both worlds: how rural entrepreneurs use placial embeddedness and strategic networks to create opportunities. Entrepreneurship y Regional Development, 27(9–10), 574–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2015.1085100
Korsgaard, S., Müller, S., y Tanvig, H. W. (2015). Rural entrepreneurship or entrepreneurship in the rural – between place and space. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior y Research, 21(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-01-2014-0022
Kungwansupaphan, C., y Leihaothabam, J. K. S. (2016). Capital factors and rural women entrepreneurship development. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 31(3), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-04-2015-0031
Kuratko, D. F., Morris, M. H., y Schindehutte, M. (2015). Understanding the dynamics of entrepreneurship through framework approaches. Small Business Economics, 45(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9627-3
Laborde, M. N., y Veiga, L. (2010). Emprendimiento y desarrollo económico. Revista de Antiguos Alumnos Del IEEM, May, 84–85. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47277593_Emprendimiento_y_desarrollo_economico
Lafuente, E., y Gómez-Araujo, E. (2016). The Territorial Economic Impact of Entrepreneurial Youthfulness. Strategic Change, 25(2), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2055
Lafuente, E., Vaillant, Y., y Rialp, J. (2007). Regional Differences in the Influence of Role Models: Comparing the Entrepreneurial Process of Rural Catalonia. Regional Studies, 41(6), 779–796. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400601120247
Lan, H., Zhu, Y., Ness, D., Xing, K., y Schneider, K. (2014). The role and characteristics of social entrepreneurs in contemporary rural cooperative development in China: case studies of rural social entrepreneurship. Asia Pacific Business Review, 20(3), 379–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2014.929300
Lang, R., Fink, M., y Kibler, E. (2014). Understanding place-based entrepreneurship in rural Central Europe: A comparative institutional analysis. International Small Business Journal, 32(2), 204–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242613488614
Langevang, T., Namatovu, R., y Dawa, S. (2012). Beyond necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship: motivations and aspirations of young entrepreneurs in Uganda. International Development Planning Review, 34(4), 439–460. https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2012.26
Lans, T., Seuneke, P., y Klerkx, L. (2017). Agricultural Entrepreneurship. In Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (pp. 1–7). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6616-1_496-2
Lauwere, C. De, y Verhaar, K. (2002). Het Mysterie van het Ondernemerschap. Wageningen UR.
Leibenstein, H. (1968). Entrepreneurship and Development. The American Economic Review, 58, 72–83. https://doi.org/10.2307/1831799
Lekhanya, L. M. (2018). The Digitalisation of Rural Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship - Trends and Challenges. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75925
Li, J., y Matlay, H. (2006). Chinese entrepreneurship and small business development: an overview and research agenda. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(2), 248–262. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000610665953
Link, A. N., y Scott, J. T. (2010). Government as entrepreneur: Evaluating the commercialization success of SBIR projects. Research Policy, 39(5), 589–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.02.006
Liu, Y., y He, Y. J. (2011). Construction the Rural Entrepreneurial Support System. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 65, 195–198. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.65.195
Llambí Insua, L., y Perez Correa, E. (2004). Nuevas ruralidades y viejos campesinismos.Agenda para una nueva sociología rural latinoamericana. Cuadernos de Desarrollo Rural, 4(Ivic), 1–20.
Mahmood, T. (2009). Developing Entrepreneurship for Rural Youth and Women. In Work, Learning and Sustainable Development (Vol. 8, pp. 203–223). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8194-1_15
Makarand, M., Jonathon, D., Sandra, S., y William, J. (2015). Examining the motivations for social entrepreneurship using Max Weber’s typology of rationality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(6), 1094–1114. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09564230910978511
Marchante, J. S. G. S. G., Varela, C. V. V, Guerrero, A. E. A. E. A., y Navarro, J. M. M. M. M. (2007). The rural entrepreneurship within the context of territorial development. A case study | La empresarialidad rural en El Marco del desarrollo territorial. Un estudio de caso. Boletin de La Asociacion de Geografos Espanoles, 43.
Maritz, A. (2004). New Zealand necessity entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 1(3/4), 255. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2004.005655
Markantoni, M., y van Hoven, B. (2012). Bringing ‘invisible’’ side activities to light. A case study of rural female entrepreneurs in the Veenkoloniën, the Netherlands.’ Journal of Rural Studies, 28(4), 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.05.006
Marquis, G. (2009). Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy For Authors. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy Iss, 3(4), 355–368. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506200910999101
Mary George, N., Parida, V., Lahti, T., y Wincent, J. (2016). A systematic literature review of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition: insights on influencing factors. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(2), 309–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0347-y
Maxwell, J. A. (1929). An Examination of Some Marshallian Concepts. In The American Economic Review (Vol. 19, pp. 626–637). American Economic Association. https://doi.org/10.2307/1806481
Mazumdar, D. (1987). Rural-urban migration in developing countries. In Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics (pp. 1097–1128). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0080(87)80014-7
McElwee, G. (2006). The enterprising farmer: A review of entrepreneurship in agriculture. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 167. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-49049110256ypartnerID=40ymd5=60be307c04ec8dc7bd3f1b2287066c9b
McElwee, G. (2008). A taxonomy of entrepreneurial farmers. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 6(3), 465–478. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2008.019139
McElwee, Gerard. (2008). A taxonomy of entrepreneurial farmers. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 6(3), 465–478. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2008.019139
McKague, K., Wong, J., y Siddiquee, N. (2017). Social franchising as rural entrepreneurial ecosystem development. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 18(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465750316686240
Mei, C., Chen, K., y Wu, X. (2016). Introduction: Local Government Entrepreneurship in China: A Public Policy Perspective. China: An International Journal, 14(3), 3–15.
Migliore, G., Schifani, G., Romeo, P., Hashem, S., y Cembalo, L. (2015). Are Farmers in Alternative Food Networks Social Entrepreneurs? Evidence from a Behavioral Approach. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 28(5), 885–902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-015-9562-y
Mirabeau, V. R. (1763). Philosophie rurale, ou Economie générale et politique de l’agriculture. A Amsterdam Chez Les Libraries Associes. https://bit.ly/2HJYIF3
Molinari, G. (2006). Marketing Agropecuario. Thompson.
Montiel Molina, C. (2003). Tradición, renovación e innovación en los usos y aprovechamientos en las áreas rurales de Montañas. In Cuadernos Geograficos (Issue 33).
Mook, R. (1978). Farmers as entrepreneurs in the camping tourism of Upper Bavaria. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 32(4), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291957808552040
Morris, W., y James, P. (2017). Social media, an entrepreneurial opportunity for agriculture-based enterprises. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 24(4), 1028–1045. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-01-2017-0018
Müller, S., y Korsgaard, S. (2018). Resources and bridging: the role of spatial context in rural entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship y Regional Development, 30(1–2), 224–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2017.1402092
Narayana, D. L. (1966). Entrepreneurship and agricultural development. In Entrepreneurship and agricultural development. Asian Stud Press. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19671802396
Naude, W. A., y Walt, L. Van Der. (2006). Opportunity or necessity? The spatial determinants of entrepreneurship in South Africa. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 3(2), 245. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2006.008931
Newbery, R., Siwale, J., y Henley, A. (2017). Rural entrepreneurship theory in the developing and developed world. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 18(1), 3–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465750316686232
North, D., y Smallbone, D. (2006). Developing entrepreneurship and enterprise in Europe’s peripheral rural areas: Some issues facing policy-makers. European Planning Studies, 14(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310500339125
Nourse, E. G. (1930). Some Economic and Social Accompaniments of the Mechanization of Agriculture. In The American Economic Review (Vol. 20, pp. 114–132). American Economic Association. https://doi.org/10.2307/1805668
Núñez, P. (2010). Emprendimiento social?: integrando a los excluidos en el ámbito rural Social Entrepreneurship?: Integrating the Excluded in Rural Areas. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, XVI(4), 579–590.
Palmås, K. (2012). Re-assessing Schumpeterian assumptions regarding entrepreneurship and the social. Social Enterprise Journal, 8(2), 141–155. https://doi.org/10.1108/17508611211252855
Park, J. S. (2005). Opportunity recognition and product innovation in entrepreneurial hi-tech start-ups: A new perspective and supporting case study. Technovation, 25(7), 739–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.01.006
Pato, M. L., y Teixeira, A. A. C. (2016). Twenty Years of Rural Entrepreneurship: A Bibliometric Survey. Sociologia Ruralis, 56(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12058
Peng, Y. (2005). Lineage Networks, Rural Entrepreneurs, and Max Weber. In Research in the Sociology of Work (Vol. 15, pp. 327–355). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-2833(05)15013-4
Peredo, A. M., y McLean, M. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.10.007
Petrin, T., y Ganon, A. (1997). Rural development through entrepreneurship. FAO. https://bit.ly/2JCThY9
Pindado, E., y Sánchez, M. (2017). Researching the entrepreneurial behaviour of new and existing ventures in European agriculture. Small Business Economics, 49(2), 421–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9837-y
Pyysiainen, J., Anderson, A., McElwee, G., Vesala, K., Pyysiäinen, J., y Anderson, A. (2006). Developing the entrepreneurial skills of farmers: some myths explored. International Journal of …, 12(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550610644463
Qiu, S., Zhou, X., y Gong, B. (2016). Building new farmer-entrepreneur training systems in poor relocation-settlements. International Journal of Innovation Science, 8(1), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-03-2016-005
Radicic, D., Bennett, R., y Newton, G. (2017). Portfolio entrepreneurship in farming: Empirical evidence from the 1881 census for England and Wales. Journal of Rural Studies, 55, 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.08.019
Ratten, V. (2018). Social entrepreneurship through digital communication in farming. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 14(1), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-07-2017-0045
Reidolf, M. (2016). Knowledge networks and the nature of knowledge relationships of innovative rural SMEs. European Journal of Innovation Management, 19(3), 317–336. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-06-2015-0043
Richter, R. (2017). Rural social enterprises as embedded intermediaries?: The innovative power of connecting rural communities with supra-regional networks. Journal of Rural Studies, November, 0–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.005
Ross, E. D. (1929). Lincoln and Agriculture. Agricultural History, 3(2), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.2307/3739788
Rutten, M. (1986). Social profile of agricultural entrepreneurs. Economic behaviour and life-style of middle-large farmers in central Gujarat. Economic y Political Weekly, 21(13), 15–23. /bit.ly/2HM9g5E
Saito, I., y Kanno, M. (1990). Development of Private Sports Facilities as a Side Business of Urban Farmers. Geographical Review of Japan, Series B., 63(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.4157/grj1984b.63.48
Sanchis, R. A. A., Serrano, V. C. C., y Köster, P. R. R. (2016). Culture as a factor of socio-economic innovation in rural areas: The case of the artistic craftwork cluster of La Città Europea dei Mestieri d’Arte (CITEMA) |. Ager, 2016(20). https://doi.org/10.4422/ager.2015.15
Sanders, I. T. (1940). Bulgarians and Southern Rural Whites in Contrast. Social Forces, 19(1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/2570848
Santos, A., Neto, P., y Serrano, M. M. (2016). A long-term mortality analysis of subsidized firms in rural areas: an empirical study in the Portuguese Alentejo region. Eurasian Economic Review, 6(1), 125–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-015-0035-4
Santos, F. M. (2012). A Positive Theory of Social Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 111(3), 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1413-4
Satyalakshmi, K. (2017). Understanding the Entrepreneurial Intentions of the Indian Millennials: A Pilot Study. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 14(2). https://search.proquest.com/openview/3802aaa14bf2a1747c4f5776a08c6263/1?pq-origsite=gscholarycbl=54457
Schaller, N. (1993). The concept of agricultural sustainability. In Agriculture and the Environment (pp. 89–97). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-89800-5.50010-5
Schneider, S. (2009). La pluriactividad en el medio rural brasileno. In La pluriactividad en el campo latinoamericano. FLACSO.
Schultz, T. W. (1939). Theory of the Firm and Farm Management Research. Journal of Farm Economics, 21(3), 570. https://doi.org/10.2307/1232142
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Harvard University Press.
Scott, W. A. (1915). John Kells Ingram, A History of Political Economy. Liberty Fund. http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1678
Seuneke, P., y Bock, B. B. (2015). Exploring the roles of women in the development of multifunctional entrepreneurship on family farms: an entrepreneurial learning approach. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 74–75, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2015.07.001
Seuneke, P., Lans, T., y Wiskerke, J. S. C. (2013). Moving beyond entrepreneurial skills: Key factors driving entrepreneurial learning in multifunctional agriculture. Journal of Rural Studies, 32, 208–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.06.001
Shahraki, H., y Movahedi, R. (2017). Reconceptualizing Rural Entrepreneurship Discourse from a Social Constructionist Perspective: A Case Study from Iran. Middle East Critique, 26(1), 79–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1253185
Shannon, F. A. (1936). The Homestead Act and the Labor Surplus. The American Historical Review, 41(4), 637. https://doi.org/10.2307/1842605
Shu, R., Ren, S., y Zheng, Y. (2018). Building networks into discovery: The link between entrepreneur network capability and entrepreneurial opportunity discovery. Journal of Business Research, 85(71372064), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.048
Smit, A. B. (2004). Changing external conditions require high levels of entrepreneurship in agriculture. Acta Horticulturae, 655, 167–173. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79958803215ypartnerID=40ymd5=d5ab3b1483a3851b756f66081999a9d4
Smith, A. (1976). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Oxford University Press.
Soto Villagrán, P., y Fawaz Yissi, M. J. (2016). Ser mujer microempresaria en el medio rural. Espacios, escalas y redes . Cuadernos de Desarrollo Rural, 13(77), 141. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.cdr13-77.smme
Sserwanga, A., Isabella Kiconco, R., Nystrand, M., y Mindra, R. (2014). Social entrepreneurship and post conflict recovery in Uganda. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 8(4), 300–317. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-02-2014-0001
Stanescu, I., Anton, A., y Cojocaru, D. (2013). Entrepreneurship in rural areas. In M. Tomita (Ed.), FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE PSYCHO-SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES IN THE QUASI-COERCIVE TREATMENT OF OFFENDERS: SOCIAL CONTROL AND VULNERABLE GROUPS (SPECTO 2013) (pp. 533–537). MEDIMOND S R L.
Stathopoulou, S., Psaltopoulos, D., y Skuras, D. (2004). Rural entrepreneurship in Europe. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior y Research, 10(6), 404–425. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550410564725
Steiner, A., y Cleary, J. (2014). What are the Features of Resilient Businesses? Exploring the Perception of Rural Entrepreneurs. Journal of Rural y Community Development, 9(3), 1–20.
Steiner, A., y Teasdale, S. (2016). The playground of the rich? Growing social business in the 21st century. Social Enterprise Journal, 12(2), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-12-2015-0036
Stern, S. J. (1987). Feudalismo, capitalismo y el sistema mundial en la perspectiva de América Latina y el Caribe. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 49(3), 3. https://doi.org/10.2307/3540474
Stewart, C. L., Spilmman, W. J., y Hibbard, B. H. (1919). American Economic Association Land Tenure and Public Policy Discussion. The American Economic Review, 9(1), 226–232.
Stigler, G. J. (1937). A Generalization of the Theory of Imperfect Competition. Journal of Farm Economics, 19(3), 707. https://doi.org/10.2307/1231448
Stockdale, A. (2016). Contemporary and ‘Messy’ Rural In-migration Processes: Comparing Counterurban and Lateral Rural Migration. Population, Space and Place, 22(6), 599–616. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1947
Tate, G. (2010). Entrepreneurship and the Environment for Rural SMEs in the Shropshire Hills, UK, 1997–2009. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 19(2), 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/097135571001900206
Tauger, M. B. (2010). Agriculture in World History. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203847480
Thompson, J. G. (1921). Mobility of the Factors of Production as Affecting Variation in Their Proportional Relation to Each Other in Farm Organization Author ( s ): John G . Thompson Source?: Journal of Political Economy , Vol . 29 , No . 2 ( Feb ., 1921 ), pp . 108-137 Publishe. Journal of Political Economy, 29(2), 108–137.
Thompson, J. L. (2002). The world of the social entrepreneur. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 15(5), 412–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550210435746
Tunberg, M. (2014). Approaching rural firm growth: a literature review. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 8(4), 261–286. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-11-2013-0039
Tuttle, C. A. (1927). The Entrepreneur Function in Economic Literature. Journal of Political Economy, 35(4), 501–521. https://doi.org/10.1086/253873
Urquijo, P. S., Bocco, G., y Boni-Noguez, A. F. (2017). New rurality and the experience of place: the small rural locality of La Niña, Buenos Aires, Argentina. GeoJournal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-017-9834-3
Vaillant, Y., y Lafuente, E. (2007). Do different institutional frameworks condition the influence of local fear of failure and entrepreneurial examples over entrepreneurial activity? Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620701440007
Van der Zwan, P., Thurik, R., Verheul, I., y Hessels, J. (2016). Factors influencing the entrepreneurial engagement of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs. Eurasian Business Review, 6(3), 273–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-016-0065-1
Vesala, K. M., Peura, J., y McElwee, G. (2007). The split entrepreneurial identity of the farmer. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14(1), 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000710727881
Viladomiu, L., y Rosell, J. (2016). Nova ruralitat a Catalunya a les últimes dècades: diversificació, emprenedoria i ocupació. Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 62(3), 553. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/dag.375
Wargner, A. (1887). Three Phases of Coöperation in the West. American Economic Association, 2(1), 9–119. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2696706
Watkins, G. P. (1907). The Growth of Large Fortunes. American Economic Association, 8(4), 1–170.
Williams, C. C. (2007). Entrepreneurs Operating in the Informal Economy: Necessity or Opportunity Driven? Journal of Small Business y Entrepreneurship, 20(3), 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2007.10593402
Wortman, M. S. (1990). Rural entrepreneurship research: An integration into the entrepreneurship field. Agribusiness, 6(4), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6297(199007)6:4<329::AID-AGR2720060405>3.0.CO;2-N
Ye, S., Xiao, H., y Zhou, L. (2019). Small accommodation business growth in rural areas: Effects on guest experience and financial performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76(March 2018), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.03.016
Young, E. C. (1929). Economic Aspects of the Administration of Groups of Farms under Northern Conditions. Journal of Farm Economics, 11(2), 248. https://doi.org/10.2307/1230431
Yu, J., Zhou, J. X., Wang, Y., y Xi, Y. (2013). Rural Entrepreneurship in an Emerging Economy: Reading Institutional Perspectives from Entrepreneur Stories. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(2), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12012
Yue, L., Tan, B., y Cui, L. (2016). The development, enactment and social implications of Digital Entrepreneurship: Insights from a rural Chinese village. 2016 International Conference on Information Systems, ICIS 2016, 1–11. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019459766ypartnerID=40ymd5=8f08bf49be753f921af0c663909d4196
Zampetakis, L. A., y Kanelakis, G. (2010). Opportunity entrepreneurship in the rural sector: evidence from Greece. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 12(2), 122–142. https://doi.org/10.1108/14715201011090594
Zarazúa, J.-A., Almaguer-Vargas, G., y Rendón-Medel, R. (2012). Social capital: A network case of innovation around corn in Zamora, Michoacán, Mexico | Capital social. Caso red de innovación de maíz en Zamora, Michoacán, México. Cuadernos de Desarrollo Rural, 9(68), 106–124.
Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Samah, B. A., Muhammad, M., Omar, S. Z., Bolong, J., y Shaffril, H. A. M. (2016). An investigation into factors influencing rural youth entrepreneurs’ intentions to use ICT: a case of Malaysia. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 27(4), 480. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2016.075010